CTE Policy Watch: A blog for CTE advocates

DC Digest: January 14-22

This week in Washington was a quiet one for CTE-related items. While the House was in recess, lawmakers were focused on announcing their first few committee hearings, determining further committee assignments, and holding conversations about the debt limit and potential environmental and tax legislation. The Senate is also out of session, returning Monday, January 23. We expect its focus to be on assigning senators to committees and announcing the first few hearings of the 118th Congress when it returns. As Washington kicks into high gear during the next few weeks and months, it will be a busy time for CTE advocates, so stay tuned for more news and resources to come! Here are your key updates this week:

• House Determines Committee Balances, Names Appropriations Subcommittee Chairs for the 118th Congress: On January 16, House Republican Steering Committee leaders named their picks to join several top House committees, informally known as “A-list” committees. A list of Members joining the A-list committees can be found here. House Appropriations subcommittee chairs, known as the “cardinals,” were also named. Read more here.

• Department of Education Awards Grants to Support Postsecondary Students: Secretary Cardona has announced 38 grant awards totaling over $30 million to colleges and universities from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), which aims to improve higher education opportunities and outcomes for students from underrepresented communities. The grants will support postsecondary institutions, including many community and technical colleges, in advancing innovative and evidence-based strategies to better support their students, address students' basic needs, launch open textbook programs, improve campus resources for veterans and create opportunities for violence-impacted youth. Read more about the awards here.

• Department of Education Awards Grants to High-Need Communities: The Department of Education has announced awards totaling more than $35 million for the Promise Neighborhoods and Project Prevent grant programs. Promise Neighborhoods grants provide coordinated support services and programs to students from low-income backgrounds at every stage of their education from early childhood through their careers. For fiscal year 2022, four new grants totaling $23 million will focus on the implementation of services in neighborhoods that have not yet received support through the program. Read more about the grants here.

• Department of Education Releases Candidates for 2023 Presidential Scholars: The U.S. Presidential Scholars Program honors some of the nation’s most distinguished graduating high school seniors, including those chosen as candidates for Presidential Scholar in CTE. View the complete list here.

DC Digest: January 9-13

The first full week of the 118th Congress has wrapped up. With Members of Congress now sworn in, focus is shifting to organizing committees and beginning work on legislation. In particular, there is already a lot of conversation over fiscal year 2024 funding levels and the debt ceiling. The Senate remains out of session until January 23, and the House will return to Washington on Monday, January 16.

ACTE will soon publish a resource on engaging in advocacy with freshmen Members of Congress. As the 118th Congress is getting underway, it is an important time for CTE advocates to begin getting to know these new members and think about developing relationships with them!

• Updated: Investing in CTE Yields Big Returns: ACTE has updated its fact sheet about the economic benefits that CTE programs have for learners and communities across the country. The Investing in CTE map shows just a sampling of CTE's financial impacts across different states and localities. View the graphic here.

• House Republicans Advance Rules, Committee Chairs: After Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) was finally elected Speaker of the House early last Saturday morning, the new Republican majority in the House turned to other organizing activities necessary for the 118th Congress. Read more here.

• House Education and Workforce Committee Republicans Begin Oversight: New House Education and the Workforce Committee Chair Rep. Virginia Foxx (R-NC) has begun several promised oversight activities. Read her letter to Department of Education Secretary Miguel Cardona here.

• New Proposed Income-Driven Student Loan Repayment Plan: The Department of Education has released a proposal to reform the existing income-driven student loan repayment plan. The plan would amend the terms of the Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) plan to offer $0 monthly payments for any individual borrower who makes less than roughly $30,600 annually and any borrower in a family of four who makes less than about $62,400. The regulations would also cut in half monthly payments on undergraduate loans for borrowers who do not otherwise have a $0 payment in this plan. The proposed regulations would also ensure that borrowers stop seeing their balances grow due to the accumulation of unpaid interest after making their monthly payments.

• Statement from Senate Appropriations Leaders on Appropriations Bills: Senators Patty Murray (D-WA) and Susan Collins (R-ME), the Senate Appropriations Committee’s new Chair and Ranking Member, issued a joint statement on their bipartisan commitment to funding the government and passing the Senate’s appropriations bills through regular order. Read the full statement here.

• Department of Labor Awards Grants to Support Justice-Involved Young People: The Department of Labor has announced the award of $33 million in Growth Opportunities grants to programs in 11 states. Administered by the department’s Employment and Training Administration, the second round of grants will enable 13 organizations to help justice-involved young people develop leadership skills, offer mentorship and provide education, training and paid work experiences.

DC Digest: December 19-January 8

As we begin the new year, the bulk of the focus has been on the vote for Speaker of the House. The swearing-in progress for House Members and other proceedings of the 118th Congress in the House were temporarily halted until Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) was finally elected speaker early Saturday morning.

The U.S. Senate did return to Washington on January 3 to swear in its new members, but Senate now remains out of session until January 23. As we await more news from Washington, here are some key updates:

• Election Watch: Introducing the New Senators-elect: In the 118th Congress, seven new senators-elect will take office. While we will learn more about their education and workforce development priorities as the 118th Congress kicks off, several of the senators-elect have discussed CTE-related issues and priorities in their campaigns. To help CTE advocates prepare to meet these new senators, here is a preview of their public statements and/or plans for education as they begin their service.

• Reflecting on the Accomplishments of Senator Portman and Representative Langevin: Former Congressional CTE Caucus co-chairs Sen. Rob Portman (R-OH) and Rep. Jim Langevin (D-RI) have departed from their offices to begin their well-earned retirement. The two public servants have dedicated large parts of their career to advancing the needs of CTE learners, educators and systems, earning them each an ACTE Lifetime Achievement Award this year. Learn more about their accomplishments here.

• 2022 Year-in-Review Legislative Update: As the new 118th Congress organizes, ACTE’s Public Policy team looks back at 2022 and the final year of the 117th Congress with a summary of CTE-related federal policy activities in 2022, and a preview of what to expect in 2023. Read the update here.

• Military Spouse Licensing Relief Act Signed into Law: The Military Spouse Licensing Relief Act - endorsed by ACTE - was included in H.R. 7939, the Veterans Auto and Education Improvement Act of 2022. This bill passed both chambers and was signed into law in December 2022. This is a significant victory for CTE teachers and military families. Read ACTE’s statement endorsing the bill here.

• Committee Leadership Update: Sen. Bernie Sanders has been informally announced as the new Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee, and it is still expected that Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) will serve as Ranking Member of the HELP Committee.

DC Digest: December 11-18

Last week in Washington, the focus was still on negotiating a funding package in order to avert a government shutdown as Congress heads out of town for the holidays. In addition to appropriations work, Congress passed the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), and President Biden later signed the bill into law. Other focuses last week included statehood for Puerto Rico, immigration and tax provisions.

The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington:

• FY23 Appropriations Update: On December 15, Congress passed a one-week extension of government funding until December 23, which is the new deadline for completing an omnibus funding package for FY23. The next steps for lawmakers and appropriations staff members will be to introduce legislative text of the omnibus agreement, which is expected on December 19, followed by formal Senate and House approval of the package by the December 23 deadline.

• Introducing Congresswoman Suzanne Bonamici, New Co-Chair of House CTE Caucus: On December 16, Reps. Jim Langevin (D-RI) and Glenn “GT” Thompson (R-PA) announced that Rep. Suzanne Bonamici (D-OR) will become the new co-chair of the bipartisan House CTE Caucus! She will be taking the place of Rep. Langevin, who is retiring after 22 years in Congress, 11 of which he spent leading the caucus. Read press releases from ACTE and Rep. Langevin here. Learn more about the Congressional CTE Caucus here.

• A Deep Dive into Perkins V Enrollment and Performance Data: In October, the U.S. Department of Education released data from states’ Consolidated Annual Report (CAR) submissions for program year 2020-21 – the first year that states reported performance data under Perkins V. The dataset includes CTE participant numbers, CTE concentrator numbers and CTE concentrator performance on Perkins accountability indicators, including the secondary program quality indicators new under Perkins V. Read more here.

• Election Watch: Teacher Shortage Legislation in the 118th Congress: This year, amid growing concern over teacher shortages across the country, Congress increased its focus on the educator pipeline through hearings and legislation. However, with personnel changes in the House and Senate and new education committee leaders, the 118th Congress will offer a different political dynamic that will impact how the federal government may respond to national teacher shortages. Read more here.

• OCTAE Releases Perkins Secondary Program Quality Guide: OCTAE has released a comprehensive resource guide titled “Collecting and Analyzing Data for the Secondary Program Quality Indicators in the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act of 2006” to support state secondary and postsecondary education agency administrators and data analysts in addressing the accountability provisions within Perkins V. ACTE Senior Director of Public Policy Alisha Hyslop contributed to the guide, and you can view it here.

DC Digest: December 4-11

Much of the attention in Washington this week was on the FY 23 appropriations process, which is yet to be resolved (see more below). In addition to appropriations work, the House passed the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which is now awaiting Senate approval. Congress also passed and President Biden later signed legislation codifying federal recognition of same-sex marriage.

The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. To prepare for the start of the new Congress, ACTE will be sharing more information on the impact of the election on CTE, including information on committee leadership, new Members of Congress and other resources relevant to CTE stakeholders. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington:

• Discussions Continue on FY 23 Appropriations Bills: Congress has yet to agree on non-defense spending levels for fiscal year 2023, meaning that lawmakers will need to pass a short-term extension of government funding before expiration of government funding on December 16. The short-term extension, known as a “continuing resolution,” would temporarily fund the government at fiscal year 2022 levels until a larger framework for fiscal year 2023 is agreed upon. Timing on a final agreement is still unclear, and a resolution may not arrive until after the congressional holiday recess, or perhaps at the very beginning of the 118th Congress in January. There was some positive news over the weekend about the negotiations, and bipartisan, bicameral conversations continue.

• Department of Education Hosts National STEM Coordinating Conference: The Department of Education hosted the YOU Belong in STEM National Coordinating Conference in Washington, DC, as a kickoff to the “Raise the Bar: STEM Excellence for All Students” initiative. ACTE’s Public Policy Department was in attendance and participated in the conference. You can read more about the conference and initiative here.

• Department of Labor Youth Systems Building Academy Announcement: The Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration (ETA) is inviting workforce communities to nominate themselves to be a part of the Youth Systems Building Academy (YSBA), which will provide local workforce systems and their community partners with training and technical assistance to explore, design, test, implement or scale system-level approaches to engage and support young people in the workforce. Applications are due before Friday, January 13, 2023, at 5:00PM (ET). You can find more information at the link here.

• JOBS Act Letter to Capitol Hill: ACTE joined coalition partners to send a letter to appropriations leaders on Capitol Hill urging them to include language similar to the JOBS Act in any fiscal year 2023 omnibus funding package.

• Department of Education Releases Updated ESSER and GEER FAQs: On December 7, the Department of Education released updated guidance in the form of new “frequently asked questions” related to spending under the COVID-relief focused Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief and Governor’s Emergency Education Relief Programs.

DC Digest: November 21-December 4

Lawmakers return from the Thanksgiving recess with a packed agenda to complete before adjourning for the year. There are less than two weeks until government funding expires on December 16, but discussions on fiscal year 2023 appropriations bills are proceeding slowly.  

In addition to appropriations, the House plans to vote on a version of the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) during the coming week, among other priorities such as immigration and green card reform. The House will also hold a vote to codify the federal government’s recognition of same-sex marriage.

The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. To prepare for the start of the new Congress, ACTE will be sharing more information on the impact of the election on CTE, including information on committee leadership, new Members of Congress and other resources relevant to CTE stakeholders. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington:

• Student Loan Repayment Pause Extended: Following announcement of the Supreme Court’s plans to consider the Biden Administration’s federal student loan debt relief program, the Biden Administration extended the payment pause on all federal student loans until 60 days after the Department of Education is permitted to implement the program or the litigation is resolved. If the program has not been implemented and the litigation has not been resolved by June 30, 2023, payments will resume 60 days after that. Read more about the extension here.

• Fiscal Year 2023 Appropriations Update: Government funding talks for fiscal year 2023 appear to be locked in a standstill, with appropriations leaders in both parties at odds over the total amount of non-defense spending to be included in the omnibus spending package, which will have a significant impact on the funding available for education and workforce development programs. ACTE continues to monitor the appropriations process and will urge Congress to support the maximum investment possible in the Perkins Basic State Grant. ACTE’s coalition partner, the Committee for Education Funding, also sent a letter to Capitol Hill urging swift resolution of the funding impasse and the largest possible investment in education programs.

• Department of Labor Announces Grant Opportunity to Support Pre-Apprenticeship: The Department of Labor has announced $90 million in YouthBuild Program grants to support pre-apprenticeships in high-demand industries including construction, health care, information technology and hospitality. Applications for funding will close on February 7, 2023. For more details and a complete list of eligible applicants, visit the link here.

• Republicans Claim Narrow House Control: In late November, Republicans were declared winners in enough midterm races to reach 218 seats in the House of Representatives, the minimum number needed to flip the chamber to their control in the 118th Congress. Read more about this development here.

DC Digest: November 14-20

Congress returned to Washington last week for the first time since the mid-term elections. Lawmakers in both parties held several leadership elections, but formal announcements for party leadership are still forthcoming. Appropriations leaders also reportedly aim to have a fiscal year 2023 appropriations framework completed by Thanksgiving, but there has been no budget framework publicly released and we expect negotiations on the appropriations bills to continue into December. ACTE continues to urge Congress to support a $200 million increase to the Perkins Basic State Grant for fiscal year 2023. In addition to appropriations work, the Senate also advanced legislation to codify the right to same-sex marriage during the week, provide retirement benefits to first responders and support access to communication services for domestic violence survivors.

The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. To prepare for the start of the new Congress, check your inbox or the link here. Stay tuned during the coming weeks, as ACTE will share more information on the impact of the election on CTE, including information on committee leadership, new Members of Congress and other resources relevant to CTE stakeholders. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington:

• Department of Education Launches Work-Based Learning Grant: As part of a broader effort, known as the “Raise the Bar: Unlocking Career Success Initiative announced by the Department of Education, in partnership with the Departments of Commerce and Labor, a new work-based learning (WBL) program will be launched next year. $5.6 million from Perkins national activities funding will be allocated for a new program to expand WBL opportunities for students. The Department will launch a competitive grant opportunity, the “Career Z Challenge: Expanding Work-Based Learning Opportunities,” in Spring 2023. Read more about the program here.

• Department of Education Releases New Guidance on ARP-ESSER Funding: Also as part of the Raising the Bar Initiative, the Department of Education has released new guidance on how federal COVID-relief funds can be used to develop and expand CTE programs, including registered apprenticeships. You can view the guidance here.

• Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Update: On November 14, the U.S. 8^th Circuit Court of Appeals issued an injunction against the Biden Administration’s federal student loan forgiveness program. The Administration plans to appeal to the Supreme Court for further review. Read more about the next steps here.

• Department of Labor Announces Effort to Prepare Students at Job Corps Centers for Registered Apprenticeship Programs: The Department of Labor will encourage Job Corps centers throughout the country to emphasize pre-apprenticeship programs in green energy, health care, information technology and other high-growth industry sectors. Job Corps students will spend approximately one year in a pre-apprenticeship program. Read more about the initiative here.

• Senate CTE Caucus Holds Briefing on Women in Apprenticeship: On November 15, the Senate CTE Caucus, alongside the Swiss and Austrian Embassies, held a Capitol Hill briefing on Women in Apprenticeship to highlight both National Apprenticeship Week and the Austrian and Swiss apprenticeship models. Read more about the briefing here.

• Potential Committee Leadership in the Senate: While we are awaiting the formal announcement of their appointments, we have a clearer picture of those who will be chairing and serving as Ranking Members for the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee and Senate Appropriations Committee. Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) is expected to become Chairman of the HELP Committee, with Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) as the likely Ranking Member. Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA) will take the gavel of the Appropriations Committee with Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME) as the likely Ranking Member.
  
  
• National Apprenticeship Week Celebrated: November 14 kicked off National Apprenticeship Week nationwide as workforce development stakeholders, advocates and more joined together to celebrate the benefits of registered apprenticeship programs. Read more about National Apprenticeship Week here.

DC Digest: November 7-13

National attention was focused on the mid-term elections last week, but Congress returns for the final weeks of the 117th Congress November 14. The agenda remains largely unchanged from the last several weeks, with lawmakers facing a deadline of December 16 to extend government funding for FY 2023 while juggling votes on the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), tax credits, debt ceiling reform, marriage equality and other remaining issues. The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. To prepare for the start of the new Congress, check your inbox or the link below - ACTE will be distributing a quick guide and list of actions that you can take in the immediate days after the mid-term elections. Stay tuned during the coming weeks, as ACTE will share more information on the impact of the election on CTE, including information on committee leadership, new Members of Congress and other resources relevant to CTE stakeholders. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington.

• Action Alert: Learn About Your Representatives for the 118th Congress: With Election Day in the rearview mirror, now it is time for new representatives and senators-elect to start the process of hiring staff, opening offices and developing their legislative philosophies and agendas. While we are still awaiting final election results in several races, this is a critical time for CTE and CTE advocates. Read more about actions to take before the beginning of the 118th Congress here.
• CTE Caucus Co-Chairs Thompson and Langevin Introduce Resolution Celebrating National Career Development Month: Representatives Glenn “GT” Thompson (R-PA) and Jim Langevin (D-RI), co-chairs of the bi-partisan House CTE Caucus, introduced a resolution recognizing November 2022 as National Career Development Month. Read the press release, including a quote from ACTE Executive Director LeAnn Wilson, here.
• Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Update: On November 10, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court struck down the Department of Education’s federal student loan forgiveness program. The Biden Administration plans to appeal the ruling. Read more about the ruling here, and view a statement by Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona here.

• Election Watch: Democrats Hold on to Senate: Democratic control over the Senate has been solidified for the next two years after Democrats held onto all incumbencies and picked up one Senate seat. There is just one race left outstanding – Sen. Raphael Warnock (D-GA) is headed to a runoff against Herschel Walker – which will determine whether Democrats will expand their majority by one seat or remain at 50/50. Read more about the balance of power in the Senate here.

DC Digest: October 31-November 6

This is the last week of the congressional recess prior to the mid-term elections. Lawmakers will return for the final weeks of the 117th Congress around November 14. Priorities for Congress in the next few weeks include fiscal year 2023 appropriations bills, a vote on the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), tax credits, debt ceiling reform, marriage equality votes and pending nominees that have advanced out of committees. The 118th Congress will begin right after the new year, on January 3. Stay tuned during the coming weeks, as ACTE will share election results and resources relevant to CTE stakeholders. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington.

• Election Watch: Reauthorization Bills Preview: The 118th Congress will have its work cut out for it next year, with several major reauthorizations overdue or on the horizon. Three of these reauthorizations fall under the purview of the education committees: the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), National Apprenticeship Act (NAA), and the Higher Education Act (HEA). On all these bills, the balance of power determined by this year’s midterm elections will have a significant impact on these major pieces of legislation. Read more about potential reauthorization bills here.
• Department of Education Releases Final Regulations to Improve Debt Relief Programs: The Department of Education has released final regulations that streamline and improve the rules for major targeted debt relief programs. The regulations expand eligibility, remove barriers to relief, and encourage automatic discharges for borrowers who are eligible for loan relief because their school closed, they have a total and permanent disability, or their loan was falsely certified. Read more about the regulations here.
• House CTE Caucus Chairs Introduce Bill to Support Cybersecurity Education: On October 31, Reps. Glenn "GT" Thompson (R-PA) and Jim Langevin (D-RI), co-chairs of the Congressional CTE Caucus, reintroduced the Cybersecurity Skills Integration Act to mark the end of Cybersecurity Awareness Month. This bipartisan legislation seeks to create a $10 million pilot program within the Department of Education that will award competitive grants to CTE programs that integrate cybersecurity into their curricula. ACTE has endorsed this bill. Read more about the bill here, including a quote from ACTE Executive Director LeAnn Wilson.
• Department of Labor Announces New Nursing Funding Opportunities: The Department of Labor has announced $80 million in funding under the Nursing Expansion Funding Opportunity Announcement. This grant will fund programs that address bottlenecks in training the U.S. nursing workforce and expand and diversify the pipeline of qualified nursing professionals through the nurse education professional track and nursing career pathways track. Applications are due by January 6, 2023. Read more about the opportunity and apply here.
  
• Department of Commerce Unveils Strategy for CHIPS for America Fund: The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 will invest $50 billion through the Department of Commerce’s CHIPS for America Fund to revitalize the domestic semiconductor industry, protect American national and economic security, preserve U.S. leadership in the industries of the future, create good-paying jobs, and build strong communities in the United States. View the full text of the strategy here.

DC Digest: October 24-30

The mid-term elections are rapidly approaching, and Congress remains in recess. If campaign events are happening in your area, you may have a chance to interact one-on-one with the candidates, or ask them questions to gauge their understanding and support of CTE. Visit ACTE’s guide to attending town hall events with your policymakers for more tips. If you attend an event and speak with a candidate, let ACTE’s Public Policy team know by emailing Jori Houck, Media Relations and Advocacy Associate, at jhouck@acteonline.org.

After the election, the “lame-duck” congressional session will be held before the formal swearing-in of the 118th Congress. Lawmakers have set a packed schedule for after the elections, including completing fiscal year (FY) 2023 appropriations packages, potential debt ceiling reform and more. In the coming weeks, ACTE will be providing you with the resources you need to effectively develop relationships with new Members of Congress and urge them to support policies that will help advance high-quality CTE for all learners. In the meantime, here are some updates from Washington:

• OCTAE Releases First Year of Perkins V Performance Data: The Department of Education has released data from states’ Consolidated Annual Report (CAR) submissions for program year 2020-2021 – the first year that states reported performance data under Perkins V. The release includes CTE participant numbers, CTE concentrator numbers and CTE concentrator performance on the Perkins accountability indicators. Read more about the data here.

• 2022 ACTE Public Policy Award Nominations Now Open: ACTE’s Public Policy Department is pleased to announce that the 2022 Baird-English Advocate of the Year and ACTE Policymaker of the Year Awards are now open for submissions. Nominations for both awards can be submitted by any ACTE member, members of the ACTE Board of Directors or state associations. Read more about how to nominate a candidate here.

• First Look at Fall 2022 Postsecondary Enrollment: Recently, the National Student Clearinghouse (NSC) released a first look at postsecondary enrollment estimates for the fall 2022 semester. Compared to the fall prior, overall undergraduate enrollment declined by 1.1%, returning to pre-pandemic rates of decline, with community colleges overall and CTE certification programs experiencing improved enrollment trends. Read more about the data here. 

• Election Watch 2022: CTE Funding Preview: The Perkins Basic State Grant program, the only dedicated federal funding for CTE, has received modest yet consistent increases since fiscal year (FY) 2018. The most recent House and Senate proposals for FY 2023 have continued the trend of small but important increases for CTE state grants, and the outcome of this year’s midterm elections could have a tremendous impact on CTE funding outcomes in both FY 2023 and 2024. Read more about the next steps for CTE funding here.

• Department of Education Announces Permanent Changes to the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program: The Department of Education has announced several actions to support borrowers seeking student loan forgiveness, including permanent changes to the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. Read more about the changes and view the fact sheet here.

• Department of Education Released Final Rules Amending Some Postsecondary Student Aid Policies: On October 27, the Department released its final regulations to address changes to the federal financial aid “90/10” rule, as well to fully implement Pell Grants for incarcerated students.